Tatiana Bogdanova,
MOV «High school № 123»,
Deputy. Director for Research,
Barnaul, Россия
Language - the greatest creation of the human mind, multifaceted, the unique, his unit enter into complex semantic relationships between them. Any human activity associated with mental processes, which are embodied in the linguistic form. The meaning of, of great importance for culture, called concept.
Each language has its own language picture of the world. Displaying in the normal course of business the objective world, person establishes knowledge results in words. The formation of linguistic world greatly influenced by tradition, language, природа, education, образование. Specific national experience determines the peculiarities of different nations of the world picture. Concepts are the components of the worldview, through the analysis which can identify some features of the national outlook.
Richness of language is determined not only by its vocabulary and grammatical features wide, and wealth konceptosfer, which formed linguistic identity. Every concept has a complex structure: it includes that, that is the content of the concept, and then, which makes the concept of a cultural phenomenon: etymology, associative array, grades, additional semantic or stylistic shades, superimposed on the basic meaning of the word.
One of the most important concepts in the language picture of the world is the concept of "fire". In dictionaries stands 10 lexical semantic variants, a four-layer model of the structure of this concept. The word "fire" a lot of derivatives (fire, volcanic, огниво, twinkle, and other flammable), it involves many proverbs, frazeologizmov. The word "fire" is of Indo-European origin, Some researchers argue its relationship with the word "coal".
The concept of "fire" comes in different kontceptosfery. Например, kontseptosfer in "Nature" it relates to the concept of "elements", "Natural phenomenon", "Substance"; kontseptosfer in "Social aspects" – the concepts of "home, Hearth ", "Force", "Quickness", "Fragility", "Pain, burn ", "Disaster", "War, shooting, explosion "; kontseptosfer in "Religion, philosophy " – "Respect, worship », "Deification, cult ", "Witchcraft, Magic ", "Hell", "Purification"; in kontseptosfer "Human Emotions" – 'Fun', "Celebration", "Life" or the opposite - "mountain", illness "; kontseptosfer in "Science" – "Blazing gases", "Warmth", 'Incompatibility with water ", "Electricity".
Today we define the fire as a "red-hot glowing gases, released during combustion, flame " (Greater Academic Dictionary). But humanity does not immediately come to this definition. "Element, giving warmth and light, descended from the sky, to share his power over the human race only other, equally powerful elements – water " (Encyclopedia of Russian traditions, 2001, s.444). Water is considered a sister or wife or his rival fire (Russian mythological dictionary, 2001, p.238). Fire and water make up the binary opposition (Russian language in the "fire", "Bonfire", "Fire" – masculine, "Water" – female), built on the principle of unity and struggle of opposites. And the fire, and water are the mediators, linking the world of the dead and the living world. "The symbolism of fire, as well as water, had a dual nature. In the Russian language, these elements are interchangeable: "Sea of Lights", "Flame spilled", "Waves of flame", word "fire - burn - blaze - swim – splash "are related. VI. Dahl in his dictionary gives the following proverbs and sayings: "King of the fire, Empress to Epiphany »; «Ognю led to God gave volю»; "Fire and water do not believe do not believe"; «S shuti not fire, water does not make friends ", etc.. There is also the image of the fiery river, separates the world of the dead from the living world. At the same time, the heavenly fire, by predaniyam, impossible to extinguish with water. Also known, that divine fire, appearing on Easter in Jerusalem, not burn them and the believers "washes". Learned from the church after the rites, огонь (Candles) and water are of particular strength and grace. We still attach symbolic meaning of the Olympic flame ignition, Eternal Flame, candles for a romantic dinner.
"Myths of the origin of fire – among the most common. Интересно, that the fire itself is personified in the myth rarely: he is portrayed as a real, domestic fire. Synonyms for the word "fire" confirm this: "Bonfire", "Hearth", "Flame", "Fire", "Heat", "Spark". In the same complex mythological systems, напротив, fire personified and becomes an object of worship. It is a living creature wayward, that eats, drinks and sleeps, and angry, can avenge. He devours "unclean" (the words "light" and "eat", "Heat", ie eating victim, are the same root).
There was a concept and an "internal" fire, which supports the human body heat, but its excess leads to disease (жар, ognevica etc.. Many legends recognized two fire: hellish and heavenly, and one of the legends says, that original sin to fire on the ground was not. After the Fall opened the gates of hell, flames burst out and appeared on the earth, to harm people. Also hellfire was sent from heaven, and that fire, that ignites the victim, offered to God. (Encyclopedia of Russian traditions, 2001, s.446). "Now, according to popular opinion, "He and the other fire mingled together and can not distinguish" (Concise Encyclopedia of Slavic mythology, 2001, s.387).
At the same time, analysis shows, that the phraseology of the Russian language more typical negative attitude to the fire, than positive: "Afraid of the forest fire", "Fire and sword", "Gangrene" (gangrene), "Greek fire" (incendiary mixture), "Playing with fire", "Bring fire and sword", "I do not shut up with fire" – burned. Although there are positive and painted idioms: do with a twinkle, prometeev fire (irresistible, unabated desire to achieve high, noble goals).
Таким образом, the concept of "fire" demonstrates a particular vision of reality fragment, which is inherent in Russian language picture. Fire animation and binary opposition to the concept of "water" are universal to many nations of the world.
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